Mastering Crate Training: A Comprehensive Guide for Dogs

Share:
A Comprehensive Guide for Dogs

Crate training for dogs Crate training is essential for providing your dog with a safe and secure space. It helps them feel comfortable during solitude and gives you peace of mind knowing they are in a controlled environment. By starting early and following the right techniques, you can ensure that crate training becomes a positive experience for your dog.

The Benefits of Crate Training

Crate training offers several benefits for both you and your dog. It is a valuable tool that can help in various aspects of your dog’s life and well-being, promoting positive behavior and a sense of security. Here are some key benefits of crate training:

  1. House training: Crate training can accelerate the house training process by teaching your dog to hold their bladder and bowels. Dogs naturally avoid eliminating in their sleeping area, so confining them to the crate when unsupervised can help establish good bathroom habits.
  2. Preventing destructive behaviors: Crating your dog when you cannot directly supervise them can prevent destructive behaviors such as chewing on furniture or household items. It keeps your dog safe and prevents them from getting into trouble.
  3. Safe travel: A crate provides a secure and familiar space for your dog when traveling by car or plane. It keeps them safe and prevents them from causing distractions or harm while on the move.
  4. Comfort and security: Crate training gives your dog a cozy and comforting space they can call their own. It mimics a den-like environment that satisfies their natural instinct to seek shelter and security.
  5. Preventing separation anxiety: Crating your dog can help alleviate separation anxiety by giving them a safe and familiar space when you are away. It creates a routine and a sense of predictability, reducing stress and anxiety.

By utilizing crate training techniques, you can provide your dog with a structured and comfortable environment that enhances their overall well-being.

Benefits of Crate Training
House training
Preventing destructive behaviors
Safe travel
Comfort and security
Preventing separation anxiety

Getting Started with Crate Training

Introducing your dog to crate training can be a gradual process that requires patience and positive reinforcement. The key is to create a positive association with the crate, making it a place of comfort and security for your furry friend. Here are some steps to help you get started with crate training:

  1. Introduce the crate gradually: Begin by leaving the crate open and allowing your dog to explore it at their own pace. Place treats or toys inside the crate to encourage them to enter. Avoid forcing your dog into the crate or overwhelming them with the process.
  2. Associate the crate with positive experiences: Use treats, praise, and affection to reward your dog whenever they enter the crate or exhibit calm behavior while inside. This will help them develop a positive association with the crate and feel more comfortable spending time in it.
  3. Start with short periods of crate time: Once your dog is comfortable entering the crate, gradually increase the amount of time they spend inside. Start with short intervals of 5-10 minutes and gradually extend the duration. Always monitor your dog’s behavior and ensure they are calm and relaxed while in the crate.

Remember to be patient and consistent with the training process. Each dog is unique and may require different amounts of time to adjust to crate training. With time and positive reinforcement, your dog will come to view the crate as a safe and comfortable space.

A Comprehensive Guide for Dogs

Tips for Successful Crate Training

Here are some additional tips to help ensure successful crate training:

  • Make the crate comfortable: Provide a soft bed or blanket for your dog to lie on inside the crate. Include toys and chew treats to keep them occupied and entertained.
  • Establish a routine: Set a schedule for crate time, including regular intervals for meals, potty breaks, and playtime. Consistency and routine will help your dog understand when crate time is expected and when they can anticipate other activities.
  • Avoid common mistakes: Never use the crate as a form of punishment, and do not leave your dog in the crate for extended periods without breaks for potty and exercise. It’s important to create a positive and rewarding association with the crate.

By following these guidelines and tailoring them to your dog’s individual needs, you can successfully introduce crate training and create a positive and secure space for your furry friend.

Choosing the Right Crate

When it comes to crate training your dog, selecting the right crate is crucial for their comfort and safety. There are a few factors to consider when choosing a crate that suits your dog’s needs and preferences.

Types of Crates:

There are various types of crates available, including wire crates, plastic crates, and soft-sided crates. Wire crates offer good ventilation and visibility, making them suitable for dogs who prefer an open and airy space. Plastic crates provide more privacy and a den-like feel, which can be comforting for dogs who appreciate a cozy environment. Soft-sided crates are lightweight and portable, making them convenient for travel. Consider your dog’s behavior and preferences to determine which type of crate would be most suitable.

Size and Construction:

The crate should be of an appropriate size for your dog. It should be spacious enough for them to stand, turn around, and lie down comfortably. If you have a puppy, choose a crate that will accommodate their adult size, but consider using dividers to create a smaller space while they are still growing. Additionally, ensure that the crate is sturdy and well-constructed to withstand your dog’s movements and potential attempts to escape.

Ventilation and Accessibility:

Good ventilation is essential to prevent your dog from feeling overheated or confined. Look for crates with mesh or wire walls that allow for proper airflow. Additionally, consider the crate’s accessibility. Some crates have multiple doors or removable tops, which can make it easier to place your dog inside or clean the crate when needed.

Summary:

Choosing the right crate is an important step in crate training your dog. Consider the type of crate, size, construction, ventilation, and accessibility when making your decision. Providing your dog with a comfortable and secure crate will help ensure a positive crate training experience for both you and your furry friend.

Introducing Your Dog to the Crate

Introducing your dog to the crate is a crucial step in crate training. By following a gradual and positive approach, you can help your dog develop a comfort and familiarity with their crate. Here are some steps to guide you through the process:

  1. Start by placing treats or toys inside the crate to encourage your dog to enter. Allow them to explore the crate at their own pace.
  2. Once your dog is comfortable going in and out of the crate, gradually close the door for short periods of time. Stay nearby and offer reassurance to help them feel secure.
  3. Gradually increase the duration of time your dog spends in the crate, always paying attention to their comfort level. If your dog becomes anxious or stressed, take a step back and proceed more slowly.
  4. Make the crate a positive and rewarding space for your dog. Use treats, praise, and affection to reinforce their willingness to go inside the crate.

Remember, every dog is unique, and the process of introducing them to the crate may vary. Patience and consistency are key to successful crate training.

“Crate training provides your dog with a safe and secure den-like space. By introducing them gradually and positively, you can help them form a positive association with their crate.”

Common Challenges and How to Overcome Them

While introducing your dog to the crate, you may encounter some challenges along the way. Here are a few common issues and tips to address them:

  • Resistance to entering the crate: If your dog is hesitant to enter the crate, try using treats or toys to entice them. Gradually make the crate more inviting by placing their bed or blanket inside.
  • Whining or barking: Some dogs may express their discomfort by whining or barking when first introduced to the crate. Avoid giving in to their demands and wait for a moment of calm before opening the door.
  • Anxiety or stress: If your dog shows signs of anxiety or stress, such as excessive panting or pacing, take a step back in the training process and provide additional reassurance. Consider using calming aids, such as pheromone sprays or diffusers, to create a soothing environment.

By addressing these challenges with patience and positive reinforcement, you can help your dog overcome any initial resistance or anxiety towards their crate.

Type Pros Cons
Wire Crates Provide good ventilation May be less aesthetically pleasing
Plastic Crates Offer more den-like environment May have limited visibility
Soft-sided Crates Lightweight and portable Less durable than other types

In conclusion, introducing your dog to the crate requires patience, positive reinforcement, and a gradual approach. By following these steps and addressing common challenges, you can help your dog form a positive association with their crate and make crate training a positive experience for both of you.

Using Positive Reinforcement Techniques

Crate training can be an effective and positive experience for your dog when you incorporate positive reinforcement techniques. By using rewards and praise, you can help your dog associate the crate with positive feelings and experiences. When your dog enters the crate on their own or exhibits calm behavior while inside, make sure to reward them with treats, praise, and affection.

“Positive reinforcement is key to successful crate training.”

Avoid using the crate as a form of punishment, as this can create negative associations and make your dog resistant to entering the crate. It’s important to create a positive and rewarding space in the crate, so your dog feels motivated to go inside willingly. By using positive reinforcement, you can build a strong bond with your dog and make crate training a pleasant activity for both of you.

Benefits of Positive Reinforcement Techniques

  • Establishing a positive association with the crate
  • Encouraging your dog’s willingness to enter the crate
  • Promoting calm and relaxed behavior while inside the crate
  • Building a trusting relationship between you and your dog
  • Enhancing the overall success of crate training

Remember to be consistent in your use of positive reinforcement techniques and reinforce good behavior every time your dog exhibits the desired behavior related to the crate. With time and patience, your dog will learn to see the crate as a safe and comfortable space, making crate training a positive experience for both of you.

Positive Reinforcement Techniques Examples
Reward with treats Giving your dog a small treat every time they enter the crate voluntarily
Use verbal praise Saying “good dog” or using a specific phrase to acknowledge and reward your dog’s behavior while inside the crate
Provide affection Gently petting and giving your dog attention when they are calm and relaxed in the crate

Creating a Comfortable Environment

Creating a comfortable environment is crucial for successful crate training. By making the crate a cozy and inviting space, you can help your dog associate it with positive experiences and encourage their willingness to spend time inside. Here are some tips for creating a comfortable environment:

1. Provide a Soft Bed or Blanket

Make the crate comfortable for your dog by adding a soft bed or blanket. This will provide them with a cozy spot to rest and relax. Choose a bed or blanket that is easy to clean and fits the size of the crate. Avoid using anything that your dog may chew or swallow.

2. Include Toys and Chew Treats

Keep your dog entertained and occupied while inside the crate by providing them with toys and chew treats. This will help prevent boredom and provide mental stimulation. Choose toys that are safe and durable, and select chew treats that are appropriate for your dog’s size and dietary needs.

3. Find a Quiet Area

Place the crate in a quiet area of your home where your dog can relax and not be overly stimulated. Avoid placing the crate in high-traffic areas or near loud noises. This will help create a peaceful and calm environment for your dog to retreat to.

4. Consider Using a Crate Cover

For some dogs, a crate cover can create a den-like atmosphere and provide an added sense of security. If your dog prefers a darker and more enclosed space, consider using a crate cover. Make sure the cover is well-ventilated and allows for proper airflow.

With these tips, you can create a comfortable environment that your dog will love. Remember to always prioritize their comfort and well-being throughout the crate training process.

Establishing a Routine

Consistency and routine play a crucial role in successful crate training. By establishing a schedule for crate time, you can help your dog understand and anticipate when it is expected. This routine provides structure and security, making crate training more effective and comfortable for your furry friend.

Here is an example of a daily routine for crate training:

  • 7:00 am: Let your dog out of the crate for a bathroom break and morning exercise.
  • 7:30 am: Provide breakfast and some playtime with your dog.
  • 8:30 am: Place your dog back in the crate for a nap or quiet time.
  • 10:00 am: Take your dog out of the crate for another bathroom break and short walk.
  • 10:30 am: Engage in interactive play or training sessions with your dog.
  • 12:00 pm: Return your dog to the crate for a midday nap.
  • 2:00 pm: Let your dog out for a bathroom break and some outdoor playtime.
  • 3:00 pm: Offer mental stimulation with puzzle toys or obedience training.
  • 5:00 pm: Place your dog in the crate while you prepare dinner and eat.
  • 6:30 pm: Take your dog out for an evening walk and play session.
  • 7:30 pm: Wind down and relax together before bedtime.
  • 8:00 pm: Put your dog in the crate for a good night’s sleep.

It’s essential to adapt the routine to fit your dog’s individual needs and activity levels. Having a consistent schedule helps your dog feel secure and develop a positive association with the crate as part of their daily routine.

Summary:

Establishing a routine is essential for successful crate training. By following a consistent schedule, you can create a sense of security and predictability for your dog. This routine allows your dog to anticipate crate time and helps them develop a positive association with their crate as a comfortable and familiar space.

Gradually Increasing Crate Time

As your dog becomes more comfortable with the crate, it is important to gradually increase the duration of crate time. This process helps your dog adjust and build confidence in being confined. Starting with short periods of 5-10 minutes, gradually extend the time to 30 minutes or an hour. This gradual increase allows your dog to become accustomed to being in the crate for longer periods without feeling overwhelmed.

During the initial stages of increasing crate time, it is crucial to monitor your dog’s behavior. Observe their comfort level and ensure they remain calm and relaxed while in the crate. If you notice any signs of stress or anxiety, such as excessive panting or whining, it may be an indication to slow down the process and give your dog more time to adapt.

Remember, it is essential not to leave your dog in the crate for excessively long periods. Dogs need regular breaks for exercise, mental stimulation, and potty breaks. Be mindful of your dog’s needs and provide them with ample opportunities to stretch their legs, relieve themselves, and engage in playtime outside of the crate.

Tips for Gradually Increasing Crate Time:
1. Start with short periods of 5-10 minutes and gradually extend the time.
2. Monitor your dog’s behavior and ensure they are calm and relaxed.
3. Slow down the process if your dog shows signs of stress or anxiety.
4. Provide regular breaks for exercise, mental stimulation, and potty breaks.

By gradually increasing crate time and being attentive to your dog’s needs, you can help them develop a positive association with the crate and create a safe and comfortable space for them. Remember to always prioritize your dog’s well-being and make their crate training experience a positive one.

Avoiding Common Mistakes

When it comes to crate training your dog, it’s important to avoid some common mistakes that can hinder the training process. By understanding what not to do, you can ensure that crate training is a positive experience for both you and your furry friend.

Avoiding Mistake: Using the Crate as Punishment

One of the biggest mistakes dog owners make is using the crate as a form of punishment. The crate should be a safe and comfortable space for your dog, not a place of confinement or reprimand. Using the crate as a punishment can create negative associations and make your dog resistant to entering or staying in the crate.

Avoiding Mistake: Rushing the Training Process

Crate training requires patience and gradual progress. Rushing the training process can lead to stress and anxiety for your dog. It’s important to take the time to properly introduce your dog to the crate, allowing them to become comfortable at their own pace. Pushing your dog too quickly can result in reluctance or fear of the crate.

Avoiding Mistake: Leaving Your Dog in the Crate for Extended Periods

While the crate can provide a safe space for your dog, it’s essential to avoid leaving them in the crate for excessively long periods. Dogs need regular breaks for bathroom breaks, exercise, and mental stimulation. Prolonged confinement can lead to discomfort, stress, and even physical health issues. Ensure you provide your dog with regular opportunities for play and potty breaks outside the crate.

Avoiding Mistake: Forcing Your Dog into the Crate

Forcing your dog into the crate can create negative associations and make them resistant to entering. It’s important to introduce the crate gradually and use positive reinforcement techniques to encourage your dog to willingly enter the crate. This will help them view the crate as a positive and inviting space.

By avoiding these common mistakes and following the right techniques, you can ensure that crate training is a positive and successful experience for both you and your dog. Remember to be patient, consistent, and prioritize your dog’s comfort and well-being throughout the training process.

Troubleshooting Crate Training Challenges

Crate training can sometimes present challenges for dog owners, but with the right approach, these challenges can be overcome. Understanding and addressing these challenges will help ensure a successful crate training experience. Here are some common challenges that may arise during crate training and strategies for troubleshooting them:

1. Separation Anxiety

Some dogs may experience separation anxiety when left alone in the crate. This can manifest as whining, barking, or destructive behavior. To help alleviate separation anxiety, gradually increase the time spent away from your dog while they are in the crate. Start with short intervals and gradually extend the duration. Provide comforting toys or blankets that have your scent to help soothe your dog’s anxiety.

2. Resistance to Entering the Crate

Some dogs may be resistant to entering the crate, especially if they have not been properly introduced or have had negative experiences in the past. To overcome this challenge, use positive reinforcement techniques to make the crate a more inviting and rewarding space. Offer treats, praise, and playtime near the crate to create positive associations. Gradually coax your dog into the crate using treats, and allow them to enter voluntarily.

3. Whining or Barking

Whining or barking while in the crate can be a sign of discomfort or anxiety. It’s important to address this behavior to ensure your dog’s well-being and prevent disturbances. Avoid letting your dog out of the crate while they are whining or barking, as this can reinforce the behavior. Instead, wait for a moment of calm and then reward your dog with treats and praise. Gradually increase the duration of calm behavior before releasing them from the crate.

By troubleshooting these crate training challenges and adapting your approach to suit your dog’s needs, you can create a positive and successful crate training experience. Remember to be patient, consistent, and always prioritize your dog’s comfort and well-being throughout the training process.

Crate Training for Puppies

Crate training is especially important for puppies. It provides them with a safe and secure den-like space, mimicking their natural instincts. By introducing crate training early on, you can establish good habits and aid in their overall development.

When crate training puppies, it’s essential to choose the right crate size. The crate should be large enough for your puppy to stand, turn around, and lie down comfortably. This ensures they have enough space to move and relax while still feeling cozy and secure.

Start by introducing your puppy to the crate gradually. Encourage them to enter the crate with treats or toys, and make it a positive and rewarding experience. Allow them to explore the crate at their own pace and never force them inside. Building trust and positive associations is key to successful crate training with puppies.

Puppy Crate Training Schedule

Here is a suggested crate training schedule for puppies:

  1. Start with short crate sessions of 5-10 minutes several times a day.
  2. Gradually increase the duration to 30 minutes, then one hour, as your puppy becomes more comfortable.
  3. Ensure your puppy gets regular potty breaks outside the crate to prevent accidents.
  4. Use positive reinforcement, such as treats and praise, when your puppy enters the crate willingly.
  5. Establish a routine that includes regular meal times, playtime, and crate time to provide structure and familiarity.

Remember, each puppy is unique, and the crate training process may vary. Be patient, consistent, and adapt the training approach to suit your puppy’s needs. Crate training is a valuable tool that promotes their well-being and helps them become a well-adjusted member of your family.

Benefits of Crate Training for Puppies How to Introduce Your Puppy to the Crate Puppy Crate Training Schedule
– Aids in potty training – Use treats and toys to create a positive association – Start with short sessions and gradually increase duration
– Prevents destructive chewing – Never force your puppy into the crate – Provide regular potty breaks outside the crate
– Establishes a safe and secure den-like space – Make the crate comfortable with bedding and toys – Use positive reinforcement for crate entry
– Helps with overall behavior management – Gradually increase crate time as your puppy adjusts – Create a routine that includes crate time

Crate Training for House Training

Crate training is a highly effective method for house training your dog. Dogs naturally avoid eliminating where they sleep, making the crate a valuable tool in developing bladder and bowel control. By confining your dog to the crate when unsupervised, you can prevent accidents and create a routine for potty breaks. Here are some steps to successfully incorporate crate training into your house training routine:

  1. Introduce your dog to the crate: Allow your dog to explore the crate at their own pace. Place treats or toys inside to make it a positive and inviting space.
  2. Establish a schedule: Set a consistent routine for crate time and potty breaks. Take your dog outside to eliminate immediately after releasing them from the crate.
  3. Gradually increase crate time: Start with short periods and gradually extend the duration. Monitor your dog’s behavior and adjust accordingly.

Using the crate as part of the house training process helps your dog understand where and when they should eliminate. It creates structure and consistency, making it easier for them to develop good habits. Remember to always reward your dog for successful potty breaks outside of the crate, reinforcing the positive association with eliminating in the appropriate place.

“Crate training provides a safe and comfortable environment for your dog, while simultaneously teaching them valuable house training skills.” – Dog Trainer, Jane Smith

Benefits of Crate Training for House Training Challenges
  • Prevents accidents and helps develop bladder and bowel control
  • Establishes a routine for potty breaks
  • Creates a positive association with eliminating outside of the crate
  • Potential resistance to entering the crate
  • Possible separation anxiety
  • Timing accidents during the initial stages of training

Successfully crate training your dog for house training requires patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement. Always prioritize your dog’s comfort and well-being throughout the training process, ensuring that the crate is a safe and inviting space for them. With time and practice, crate training can become an effective tool for house training your dog.

Crate Training for Travel

Traveling with your dog can be exciting, but it also requires careful preparation to ensure their safety and comfort. Crate training plays a crucial role in making travel a stress-free experience for both you and your furry friend. By providing them with a familiar and secure space, a crate can help keep your dog calm and relaxed during the journey.

Benefits of Crate Training for Travel

There are several benefits to crate training when it comes to travel. Firstly, it helps to prevent your dog from becoming a distraction while you’re driving, keeping them secure in their own space. It also protects them from potential injuries in case of sudden stops or accidents. Additionally, a crate can serve as a familiar and comforting space for your dog in unfamiliar environments, such as hotels or other accommodations.

“Crate training helps ensure that your dog remains safe and secure during travel, reducing their stress and anxiety.”

Moreover, crate training facilitates compliance with airline regulations if you plan to travel by plane with your dog. Many airlines require dogs to be crated in the cabin or cargo area for their safety. By crate training your dog beforehand, they will be more accustomed to being in a crate for an extended period, making the travel experience less overwhelming.

A Comprehensive Guide for Dogs

Choosing the Right Crate for Travel

When selecting a crate for travel, there are a few key factors to consider. It should be airline-approved and meet the specific requirements of your chosen airline, if applicable. The crate should also provide sufficient ventilation to ensure your dog’s comfort. Opt for a sturdy, well-constructed crate that can withstand the rigors of travel. Size-wise, it should allow your dog to stand, turn around, and lie down comfortably.

Type of Crate Pros Cons
Plastic crate Offers more privacy and security May be heavier and bulkier
Wire crate Provides better airflow and visibility Less privacy
Soft-sided crate Lightweight and portable Less durable and may not be suitable for all dogs

Consider your dog’s preferences and needs when choosing the type of crate. Plastic crates offer more privacy and security but can be bulkier, while wire crates provide better airflow and visibility. Soft-sided crates are lightweight and portable but may not be suitable for stronger or more active dogs.

By incorporating crate training into your travel preparations, you can ensure that your dog remains safe, comfortable, and stress-free throughout the journey. Remember to take your time, introduce the crate gradually, and always prioritize your dog’s well-being. With the right approach, crate training for travel can be a positive experience for you and your four-legged companion.

Conclusion

In conclusion, crate training is a valuable tool for dog owners. It provides a safe and secure space for your dog, giving them a sense of comfort and peace. By following the right techniques and using positive reinforcement, crate training can become a positive experience for both you and your furry friend.

Crate training offers numerous benefits, including aiding in house training, preventing destructive behaviors, and ensuring your dog’s safety during travel. It also helps establish a routine and can alleviate separation anxiety. With consistency and patience, crate training can become an essential part of your dog’s daily life.

Remember to choose the right crate for your dog’s size and needs, and create a comfortable environment with soft bedding and engaging toys. Gradually increase crate time and avoid common mistakes such as using the crate as punishment or leaving your dog for extended periods without breaks.

Overall, crate training is a valuable skill that enhances your dog’s well-being and behavior. It provides them with a safe haven and a place they can call their own. So, embrace crate training as a positive and effective method for creating a harmonious living space with your beloved canine companion.

FAQ

What is crate training?

Crate training is a method of training dogs to feel comfortable and secure in a crate or kennel, which can serve as their safe space.

How does crate training benefit my dog?

Crate training provides a safe and secure environment for your dog, helps with house training, prevents destructive behavior, and can alleviate separation anxiety.

How do I get started with crate training?

To start crate training, introduce your dog to the crate gradually, make it a positive experience with treats and praise, and gradually increase the amount of time they spend in the crate.

How do I choose the right crate for my dog?

When choosing a crate, consider your dog’s size, materials, and features. The crate should be large enough for your dog to stand, turn around, and lie down comfortably.

How do I introduce my dog to the crate?

Introduce your dog to the crate by placing their favorite toys and treats inside, encouraging them to enter voluntarily, and gradually increasing the time they spend inside.

How can I use positive reinforcement techniques in crate training?

Use positive reinforcement techniques such as treats, praise, and rewards to create positive associations with the crate and encourage your dog to willingly enter and stay inside.

How can I create a comfortable environment in the crate?

Create a comfortable environment in the crate by adding a cozy bed, providing chew toys and water, and making sure the crate is placed in a quiet, low-traffic area.

How do I establish a routine for crate training?

Establish a routine by feeding your dog in the crate, using consistent crate times, and gradually increasing the duration of time they spend in the crate.

How do I gradually increase the time my dog spends in the crate?

Gradually increase the time by starting with short periods and gradually extending them as your dog becomes more comfortable and relaxed in the crate.

What are common mistakes to avoid in crate training?

Common mistakes include using the crate for punishment, leaving your dog in the crate for too long, and not providing enough mental and physical stimulation outside of the crate.

What should I do if I encounter challenges in crate training?

If you encounter challenges such as resistance or anxiety, seek professional help from a dog trainer or behaviorist who can provide guidance and support.

How can I crate train a puppy?

Crate training a puppy involves using the same techniques as with adult dogs but taking into consideration their shorter bladder control and need for more frequent bathroom breaks.

Can crate training help with house training?

Yes, crate training can be a valuable tool in house training as it helps teach puppies and dogs to hold their bladder and prevents accidents inside the house.

Can crate training be used for travel?

Yes, crate training can make travel safer and less stressful for your dog. A familiar crate can provide them with a sense of security during car rides or flights.

Source Links

Share:

Leave a reply